Rough+Draft+SancXi

Ximena Sanchez **Light Pollution:**

**Consequences and Experimenting a Solution**

November 28, 2016

Ximena Sanchez

December 8, 2016 Science 6A Mr. Joshua Paczynski

 Sanchez Page 2

 Abstract

Light pollution is using too much artificial light which has many consequences such as preventing more research in astronomy, disrupting ecosystems, creating health effects and wasting energy. What are some solutions to this problem? In this science project, three homemade lampshades made from different fabrics, are tested with a light meter to see which lampshade reduces the amount of light projected the most. Three lampshades made from cotton, linen, and nylon were placed on a light bulb. A light meter was used to measure the strength of the light lampshade was placed. The hypothesis was that a specially designed lampshade would reduce the amount of light. The results showed that the last prototype made of cotton successfully reduced the amount of light the most. The results of the experiment showed the objective of finding a possible solution to light pollution was met. A lampshade of cotton could be placed over a lamp and reduce the amount of light, especially outdoors.

 Sanchez Page 3

 Safety Sheet

During this investigation and experiment, there were safety hazards and precautions that need to be acknowledged. A safety hazard during this experiment was that the lampshade was not made professionally it should be consulted by a professional such as a crafter or manufacturer before deciding to make lampshade for daily use. Some precautions taken after a professional has been consulted are making sure materials selected are not flammable as done with this experiment made.

Table of Contents

Page 1: Title Page

Page 2: Abstract

Page 3: Safety Sheet

Page 4: Table of Contents

Page 5:Acknowledgments

Page 6:Question and Hypothesis

Page 7:Background Research

Page 8: Materials and Procedure Page 9:Results/Analysis/Discussion

Page 10: Conclusion

Page 11:Bibliography

Acknowledgments

 This project also had others that helped. Ms. Blanca Melendez, Mr. Jose Melendez, Mr. Ernesto Barnat, Mr. Joshua Paczynski, and Mrs. Rhonda Carrier have helped make this project a success.

 Question and Hypothesis

Light pollution is a real world problem that has consequences such as preventing more research in astronomy, disrupting ecosystems, creating health effects and wasting energy as mentioned earlier. The experiment revolves around a solution to light pollution. After reviewing this possible question, a hypothesis was formed. The hypothesis was that a prototype, or lampshade, created could be a possible solution to light pollution.

Background Research Light pollution is too much use of artificial light. Light pollution is usually caused by excessive use of outdoor light. There are three types of light pollution. These include glare, skyglow, and light trespass. Glare is exorbitant brightness that causes visual discomfort. Skyglow is brightening of the night sky over an inhabited area. Light trespass is light falling where it is not supposed to or needed. Light pollution also affects humans. Sleeping is also affected light shining through a window, an example of light trespass.

 Materials and Procedure

For the experiment, a nylon cloth was placed around a ring to create the shape of a lampshade. Then, the light meter was placed on a stool across from the lamp. The lampshade was placed on top of the light bulb and the meter calculated the light projected. Since the difference from the initial amount of light and the light after the cover was placed was small, the prototype was redesigned to a stronger fabric. Without moving the places of the lamp and stool, the redesigned prototype of linen was tested. It was stronger than the nylon but not as strong as expected. Finally, the prototype of cotton was tested and the amount of light was reduced the most. Results were taken for data and analysis.

 Results, Analysis, and Discussion

After the data was collected, it was compared to the intensity of the light without any cover. The intensity of the light without a cover was 66 lux. The nylon cover reduced the amount to 63 lux. This did reach the objective. Later, the linen reduced the amount to 57 lux. Again, the objective was not met. Finally, the cotton cover was tested. This reduced the intensity of the light the most the objective to find a solution to light pollution through creating a lampshade was met. These results show that a well-made lampshade can be a solution even if it is still a small step against a large the problem. Even if it is small, this solution can help with the fight against light pollution.

 Conclusion

After evaluation of the data collected, the results do support the purpose and question of this experiment, to find a possible solution to light pollution. As the results helped conclude, the hypothesis of this investigation and experiment was supported. A solution can be a specially designed lampshade. This can be used outside and indoors and even retested by others so humans can help fight against light pollution.

 Bibliography

 "Light Pollution." <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue,HelveticaNeue,TeX Gyre Heros,TeXGyreHeros,FreeSans,Nimbus Sans L,Liberation Sans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;"> //International Dark-Sky Association//  <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue,HelveticaNeue,TeX Gyre Heros,TeXGyreHeros,FreeSans,Nimbus Sans L,Liberation Sans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;">. N.p., 19 July 2016. Web. 06 Dec. 2016. <http://darksky.org/light-pollution/>.

<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue,HelveticaNeue,TeX Gyre Heros,TeXGyreHeros,FreeSans,Nimbus Sans L,Liberation Sans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;"> "Globe at Night - What Is Light Pollution?" <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue,HelveticaNeue,TeX Gyre Heros,TeXGyreHeros,FreeSans,Nimbus Sans L,Liberation Sans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;"> //Globe at Night - What Is Light Pollution?//  <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue,HelveticaNeue,TeX Gyre Heros,TeXGyreHeros,FreeSans,Nimbus Sans L,Liberation Sans,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;"> N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016. <https://www.globeatnight.org/light-pollution.php>.

Light Pollution: Consequences and Experimenting a Solution

Abstract <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> Light pollution is using too much artificial light which as many consequences such as preventing <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> more research in astronomy, disrupting ecosystems, creating health effects and wasting energy. What could be some solutions to this problem? In this science project, three homemade lampshades, which was a prototype redesigned three times, made from different fabrics are tested with a light meter to see which lampshade reduces the amount of light projected the most. After redesigning, three lampshades made from cotton, linen, and nylon were placed on a light bulb. A light meter was used to measure the strength of the light after each leading up to lampshade was placed. The hypothesis was that a special lampshade redesigned until a better prototype was formed would reduce the amount of light the most. The results showed that the last prototype made of cotton successfully reduced the amount of light the most. The results of the experiment showed the objective of finding a possible solution to light pollution was met. A lampshade of cotton could be placed over a lamp and reduce the amount of light, especially outdoors.

Safety Sheet <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> During this investigation and experiment, there were safety hazards and precautions that need to be acknowledged. A safety hazard during this experiment was that the lampshade was not made professionally it should be consulted by a professional such as a crafter or manufacturer before deciding to make lampshade for daily use. Some precautions taken after a professional has been consulted are making sure materials selected are not flammable as done with this experiment made.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Table of Contents <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Page 1: Title Page <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Page 2: Abstract <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Page 3: Safety Sheet <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Page 4: Acknowledgments, Question and Hypothesis, and Background Research <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Page 5: Materials and Procedure and Results/Analysis/Discussion <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Page 6: Conclusion and Bibliography

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> Acknowledgments This project also had others that helped. Ms. Blanca Melendez, Mr. Jose Melendez, Mr. Ernesto Barnat, Mr. Joshua Paczynski, and Mrs. Rhonda Carrier have helped make this project a success. Question and Hypothesis <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Light pollution is a real world problem that has consequences such as <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">preventing <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> more research in astronomy, disrupting ecosystems, creating health effects and wasting energy as mentioned earlier. The experiment revolves around a solution to light pollution. After reviewing this possible question, a hypothesis was formed. The hypothesis was that a prototype, or lampshade, created could be a possible solution to light pollution. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Background Research <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> Light pollution is too much use of artificial light. Light pollution is usually caused by excessive use of outdoor light. There are three types of light pollution. These include glare, skyglow, and light trespass. Glare is <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">exorbitant brightness that causes visual discomfort. Skyglow is brightening of the night sky over an inhabited area. Light trespass is light falling where it is not supposed to or needed. Light pollution also affects humans. Sleeping is also affected light shining through a window, an example of light trespass. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> []

Materials and Procedure <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">For the experiment, a nylon cloth was placed around a ring to create the shape of a lampshade. Then, the light meter was placed on a stool across from the lamp. The lampshade was placed on top of the light bulb and the meter calculated the light projected. Since the difference from the initial amount of light and the light after the cover was placed was small, the prototype was redesigned to a stronger fabric. Without moving the places of the lamp and stool, the redesigned prototype of linen was tested. It was stronger than the nylon but not as strong as expected. Finally, the prototype of cotton was tested and the amount of light was reduced the most. Results were taken for data and analysis. Results, Analysis, and Discussion <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">After the data was collected, it was compared to the intensity of the light without any cover. The intensity of the light without a cover was 66 lux. The nylon cover reduced the amount to 63 lux. This did reach the objective. Later, the linen reduced the amount to 57 lux. Again, the objective was not met. Finally, the cotton cover was tested. This reduced the intensity of the light the most the objective to find a solution to light pollution through creating a lampshade was met. These results show that a well-made lampshade can be a solution even if it is still a small step against a large the problem. Even if it is small, this solution can help with the fight against light pollution.

Conclusion <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">After evaluation of the data collected, the results do support the purpose and question of this experiment, to find a possible solution to light pollution. As the results helped conclude, the hypothesis of this investigation and experiment was supported. A solution can be a specially designed lampshade. This can be used outside and indoors and even retested by others so humans can help fight against light pollution. Bibliography [] // [|https://www.globeatnight.org/]**[|light]**[|-]**[|pollution]**[|.php] //